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Melatonin
Overview
Melatonin is a natural hormone that’s mainly produced by your pineal
gland in your brain. It plays a role in managing your sleep-wake cycle
and circadian rhythm. Scientists still have a lot to learn about all of
its effects on the human body. Synthetic melatonin supplements aren’t
approved to treat or manage any conditions or symptoms.
What is melatonin?
Melatonin is a hormone made in the body. It regulates night and day
cycles or sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin in supplements is usually made in
a lab.
Darkness triggers the body to make more melatonin, which signals the
body to sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body
to be awake. Some people who have trouble sleeping have low levels of
melatonin. It's thought that adding melatonin from supplements might
help them sleep.
People most commonly use melatonin for insomnia and improving sleep in
different conditions, such as jet lag. It is also used for depression,
chronic pain, dementia, and many other conditions, but there is no good
scientific evidence to support most of these uses. There is also no good
evidence to support using melatonin for COVID-19.
What does melatonin do?
Melatonin helps control your
circadian rhythm. This is your sleep-wake cycle that
happens automatically about every 24 hours.
Melatonin helps your body get ready to fall asleep. It’s not
a magic potion that makes you sleepy, but it’s an important
chemical change in your body that happens each day.
Your pineal gland releases the most melatonin when there’s
darkness and decreases melatonin production when you’re
exposed to light. In other words, you have high melatonin
levels at night when you’re sleeping and less in your
blood during the daylight hours.
The longer the night, the longer your pineal gland secretes
melatonin. That’s why some people feel sleepy earlier or
more often in winter months. In winter, there’s less
sunlight in the day and it stays dark longer, so your body
naturally releases more melatonin in response.
How does melatonin work?
Melatonin is a chemical messenger that tells your body it’s
time to relax and get ready to rest. Your pineal gland
automatically releases extra melatonin around the same time
every day. This usually happens when the sun goes down.
Melatonin affects cells in your brain’s
hypothalamus. It tells your hypothalamus it’s time to
slow activity down for the day. Once it gets the message,
your hypothalamus dials back the functions it controls —
like your body temperature, blood pressure and mood — to get
you ready for sleep.
In your
eyes, melatonin changes your
retinas to get ready for rest and being less active.
Melatonin helps your retinas become less responsive to
light, which helps you wind down and feel less alert. When
there’s more natural light the next morning, your retinas
automatically become more active and your body stops
releasing as much melatonin.
What are the benefits of melatonin?
Melatonin plays an important role in making sure you get
enough sleep. Your body needs that natural, chemical
reminder to feel tired each night. Getting enough
sleep is important for every part of your health and
body, including your:
- Hair
- Internal organs
- Mental and emotional health
- Skin
Melatonin’s biggest job is regulating your sleep-wake cycle.
But it works in other areas of your body, too:
- Melatonin helps maintain regular
menstrual cycles.
- Melatonin can also protect your brain health and prevent
brain cells from breaking down. This breakdown can lead
to
dementia (including
Alzheimer’s
disease) and conditions like
Parkinson’s
disease.
- One study found that surgically removing the pineal
gland caused people to age faster than usual. Because of
this, some scientists think natural melatonin may have
anti-aging properties.
What are normal melatonin levels?
Your natural melatonin level can vary depending on your age
and
sex recorded at birth. Females typically have higher
melatonin levels than males.
The level of melatonin your body produces changes throughout
your life.
Newborn babies don’t produce their own melatonin. Before
birth, they receive melatonin from the
placenta. After birth, they can receive it through
breast milk or formula. Babies develop a melatonin cycle
when they’re 3 to 4 months old.
Melatonin levels are highest in kids and teens right before
starting
puberty. After puberty, there’s a steady decrease in
melatonin levels until it evens out in your late teens. The
level is stable until around age 40, followed by a natural
decline for the rest of your life.
You may never know your melatonin level if you don’t
experience any symptoms or need tests to measure it. If you
do need a melatonin test, your healthcare provider will let
you know if your levels are within normal ranges.
Which conditions are related to melatonin issues?
The two main conditions that involve melatonin issues are
hypomelatoninemia (lower-than-usual levels of melatonin) and
hypermelatoninemia (higher-than-usual levels of melatonin).
Hypomelatoninemia
Hypomelatoninemia happens when you have lower-than-normal
nighttime melatonin levels. It can also happen if your body
produces a total amount of melatonin that’s less than
expected for your age.
Hypomelatoninemia can play a role in circadian rhythm sleep disorders. These
sleep disorders disrupt your natural sleep-wake cycle.
These can affect:
- When you fall asleep and wake up
- How well you sleep
- How you feel and function while you’re awake
Hypermelatoninemia
Hypermelatoninemia is when there’s too much melatonin in
your blood. Taking too much synthetic melatonin from
supplements is the most common cause. It can also happen if
your pineal gland produces excess melatonin (but this is
rare).
Having hypermelatoninemia can increase your risk of some
health conditions, including:
-
Anorexia nervosa (and other
eating disorders)
-
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (when
your body doesn’t produce enough
estrogen or
testosterone due to an issue with your
pituitary gland or hypothalamus)
-
Polycystic ovary syndrome (a
hormone imbalance that causes
irregular periods and potentially
infertility)
-
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (a rare
genetic condition that causes severe
insulin resistance and
high blood sugar)
-
Spontaneous hypothermia hyperhidrosis
(a sudden, unexpected case of
hypothermia and
excess sweating)
Available Forms
There are several
forms of melatonin available as
supplements:
-
Liquid Melatonin: Available in doses ranging
from 1 to 10 mg, often with added sweeteners.
-
Liposomal Liquid Melatonin: Offers higher
absorption and precise dosage control, making it a good option for
immediate release.
-
Gummies: A popular form, but be cautious of
inaccurate labeling and potential dangers, especially for children.
-
Synthetic Melatonin: Man-made melatonin
supplements, commonly found in various forms like pills and liquids.
-
Natural Melatonin: Derived from animal glands,
though less common in supplements.
These forms can vary in effectiveness and suitability depending on
individual needs. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting
any supplement.
Which of the different types of melatonin is best
for you?
Sleep Problem |
Best Melatonin Type |
Trouble falling asleep |
Fast-Dissolve, Liquid, Liposomal |
Trouble staying asleep |
Time-Release, Liposomal |
Need quick effects |
Liquid, Fast-Dissolve, Liposomal |
Dislike pills |
Liquid |
Want added sleep support |
Combination Formulas |
Special Precautions and
Warnings
When taken by mouth: Melatonin is likely safe for most adults
when used short-term. Melatonin is possibly safe when taken long-term.
It's been used safely for up to 2 years. But it can cause some side
effects including headache, sleepiness, dizziness, and nausea. Don't
drive or use machinery for 4-5 hours after taking melatonin.
When applied to the skin: Melatonin is likely safe for most
adults when used short-term.
Pregnancy: Melatonin is possibly unsafe when regularly taken
by mouth or in high doses while trying to become pregnant. Melatonin
might have effects similar to birth control, making it more difficult to
become pregnant. There isn't enough reliable information to know if
melatonin is safe to use when pregnant. Until more is known, it's best
not to use melatonin while pregnant or trying to become pregnant.
Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know
if melatonin is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side
and avoid use.
Children: Melatonin is possibly safe when taken by mouth,
short-term. Melatonin is usually well tolerated when taken in doses up
to 3 mg daily in children and 5 mg daily in adolescents. There is some
concern that melatonin might interfere with development during
adolescence. Melatonin should only be used in children with a medical
need. There isn't enough evidence to know if melatonin is safe in
children when taken by mouth, long-term.
Bleeding disorders: Melatonin might make bleeding worse in people
with bleeding disorders.
Depression: Melatonin can make symptoms of depression worse.
High blood pressure: Melatonin can raise blood pressure in people
who are taking certain medications to control blood pressure. Avoid
using it.
Seizure disorders: Using melatonin might increase the risk of
having a seizure.
Transplant recipients: People who have had a transplant often
take medications to suppress the immune system. Melatonin can increase
immune function. This might interfere with the effects of some
transplant medications.
Drug Interactions
Possible drug interactions include:
-
Anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and
supplements. These types of drugs, herbs and supplements
reduce blood clotting. Combining use of melatonin with them might
increase the risk of bleeding.
-
Anticonvulsants. Melatonin might inhibit the
effects of anticonvulsants and increase the frequency of seizures
particularly in children with neurological disabilities.
-
Blood pressure drugs. Melatonin might worsen
blood pressure in people taking blood pressure medications.
-
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants.
Melatonin use with these medications might cause an additive
sedative effect.
-
Diabetes medications. Melatonin might affect
sugar levels. If you take diabetes medications, talk to your doctor
before using melatonin.
-
Contraceptive drugs. Use of contraceptive drugs
with melatonin might cause an additive sedative effect and increase
possible side effects of melatonin.
-
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and cytochrome P450 2C19
(CPY2C19) substrates. Use melatonin cautiously if you take
drugs such as diazepam (Valium, Valtoco, others) and others that are
affected by these enzymes.
-
Fluvoxamine (Luvox). This medication used to
treat obsessive-compulsive disorder can increase melatonin levels,
causing unwanted excessive drowsiness.
-
Immunosuppressants. Melatonin can stimulate
immune function and interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
-
Seizure threshold lowering drugs. Taking
melatonin with these drugs might increase the risk of seizures.
Should I take melatonin as a supplement?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate
supplements. Researchers are studying the potential benefits
of synthetic melatonin.
It’s important to know that a melatonin supplement isn’t a
“magic pill” that can solve sleep issues. It’s not
FDA-approved to treat health conditions, manage symptoms or
give any proven health benefits.
It’s always a good idea to see a healthcare provider before
starting any new supplements, especially if you’re taking
other medications. Talk to a provider about any sleep issues
you’re experiencing. They’ll help you figure out what’s
causing them and how you can get good, refreshing rest.
Overdose
- There is no evidence of life-threatening reactions from overdose
of melatonin.
- Melatonin overdose may cause drowsiness, headache, vomiting and
changes in blood pressure.
- Melatonin effects are short-lived, lasting just about an hour.
In case of overdose, wait for the drug to wear out; if symptoms
persist, seek medical help or contact Poison Control.
One Final Note..
Melatonin is an important part of your daily routine, even if you
don’t know it. It helps your body get ready to sleep at night and
wake you up in the morning. If something throws your melatonin out
of whack, you might notice symptoms of a sleep disorder. Talk to
your healthcare provider if you’re having trouble sleeping (or
waking up).
Synthetic melatonin supplements are available over the counter, but
they’re not guaranteed to help your health. Talk to your provider
before starting a new supplement. They’ll help you make the best
choices for you and your health. The bottom line:
What are the pros and cons of melatonin?
Benefits:
- Widely available in the U.S. over-the-counter (OTC) without a
prescription
- Short-term use (less than 3 months) is relatively safe with
little evidence of toxicity
- Inexpensive product with generics or store brands available
- Lower dose and orally-dissolvable products for children are
available
- Comes in a variety of dosage forms and doses
Downsides:
- Not approved for any uses by the FDA (over-the-counter dietary
supplement)
- Quality of some products cannot always be assured
- Studies for less common uses are not consistent
- Doses tend to vary between patients; always ask a medical
professional or your health care provider for dosing advice in
children
- Lower doses (0.1 to 1 mg), which may be effective for some
people, are not always commercially available in the U.S. Higher
doses (2 to 10 mg) used over a prolonged period may lead to rebound
insomnia (trouble sleeping after melatonin is stopped) and are not
well studied.
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