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Vital Signs

Vital signs are key indicators of a person’s health. Healthcare professionals watch these signs closely. They help check a patient’s condition and spot any problems early.

The main vital signs are body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Each sign tells us something different about a patient’s health. By watching these signs, doctors can catch illnesses early and see how treatments are working.

Knowing what’s normal for vital signs is important. This knowledge helps doctors understand how a patient is doing. They use both old-fashioned methods and new technology to check vital signs. This is true whether it’s for a regular check-up or in an emergency.

The Four Primary Vital Signs

Vital signs give us important clues about a person’s health. The main ones are body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Each sign tells us how well the body’s key systems are working.

Body Temperature

Body temperature is the internal heat of the body. It’s usually checked orally, rectally, or through the ear. A normal temperature is between 97°F and 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C).

A high temperature means you might have an infection. A low temperature could mean you’re too cold.

Heart Rate

Heart rate, or pulse rate, is how many times the heart beats in a minute. For adults, it should be between 60 to 100 beats per minute. Your age, fitness, and medicines can change your heart rate.

Checking your heart rate helps find heart problems and see how well your heart is working.

Respiratory Rate

Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take in a minute. For adults, it should be between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. If you breathe too fast or too slow, it could mean you’re stressed or have a health issue.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure has two parts: systolic and diastolic. For adults, it should be under 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure can lead to heart disease. Low blood pressure might make you dizzy or faint.

The table below shows the normal ranges for the four vital signs in adults:

Vital Sign	Normal Range
Body Temperature	97°F to 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C)
Heart Rate (Pulse Rate)	60 to 100 beats per minute
Respiratory Rate	12 to 20 breaths per minute
Blood Pressure	Below 120/80 mmHg

It’s important to know and check these vital signs regularly. This helps keep you healthy and catches health problems early.

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

What factors affect vital signs?

Vital signs can fluctuate or change when a person is sick, taking certain medications, or experiencing pain, anxiety, or stress. A person’s age or a change in lifestyle can also affect one or more vital signs.

What are normal vital signs?

Understanding vital signs is key for healthcare workers. It helps them see how a patient is doing and make smart choices. When looking at vital signs, it’s important to think about the person’s usual values, age, gender, and health. If vital signs are off, it might mean there’s a health issue that needs to be checked out.

Healthcare pros should watch vital signs over time, not just one reading. If signs keep changing, it could mean a health problem is growing or a treatment is working. For instance, if body temperature goes up and heart and breathing rates rise, it might be a sign of an infection.

The table below gives a basic guide for adult vital signs:

Vital Sign	Normal Range	Abnormal (Low)	Abnormal (High)
Body Temperature	97.7°F – 99.5°F (36.5°C – 37.5°C)	< 95°F (35°C)	> 100.4°F (38°C)
Heart Rate	60 – 100 beats per minute	< 60 beats per minute	> 100 beats per minute
Respiratory Rate	12 – 20 breaths per minute	< 12 breaths per minute	> 20 breaths per minute
Blood Pressure	Systolic: 90 – 120 mmHg Diastolic: 60 – 80 mmHg	Systolic: < 90 mmHg Diastolic: < 60 mmHg	Systolic: > 120 mmHg Diastolic: > 80 mmHg

Remember, these ranges are just a starting point. Some people naturally have different vital signs and are perfectly healthy. Healthcare workers need to think about the whole picture when making decisions based on vital signs.

By keeping an eye on vital sign trends and spotting unusual values, healthcare pros can catch health problems early. This helps them give better care and improve patient results.

The table below lists normal vital signs in infants, children, and teenagers:

Vital signs	Infant (0–12 months)	Child (1–11 years)	Teenager (12 years and up)
Heart rate	100–160 bpm	70–20 bpm	60–100 bpm
Respiratory rate	0 to 6 months: 30–60 bpm 6 to 12 months: 24–30 bpm	1 to 5 years: 20–30 bpm 6 to 11 years: 12–20 bpm	12–18 bpm
Blood pressure	0 to 6 months: 65 to 90/45 to 65 mm Hg 6 to 12 months: 80 to 100/55 to 65 mm Hg	90 to 110/55 to 75 mm Hg	110 to 135/65 to 85 mm Hg
Temperature	all ages: 98.6°F (37°C) normal range: 97.4°F–99.6°F (36.3°C–37.5°C)	all ages: 98.6°F (37°C) normal range: 97.4°F–99.6°F (36.3°C–37.5°C)	all ages: 98.6°F (37°C) normal range: 97.4°F–99.6°F (36.3°C–37.5°C)

What is body temperature?

Body temperature is the expected temperature of the human body. You may notice your body temperature change when you exercise or when you’re feeling ill.

The average body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius), but the normal temperature for a healthy person can range between 97.8 F to 99.1 F (36.55 C to 37.27) or slightly higher.

A temperature higher than 100.4 F (38 C) is classified as a fever. A drop in body temperature below 95 F (35 C) is hypothermia.

How do I check my body temperature?

A body temperature can be measured in any of the following ways:

Orally: Either a glass thermometer or a digital thermometer that uses an electronic probe can measure body temperature from the mouth. The generally accepted average oral temperature is 98.6 F, but normal may range from 97 F to 99 F. A temperature greater than 100.4 F most often indicates an infection or illness.

Rectally: Temperatures taken rectally using a glass or digital thermometer tend to be a bit higher than when taken by mouth.

Axillary: Temperatures taken under the arm using a glass or digital thermometer tend to be a bit lower than temperatures taken by mouth. An armpit temperature is usually lower than the oral temperature by half to one degree.

By ear: A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the eardrum, which reflects the body’s temperature. An ear temperature is usually higher than the oral temperature by half to one degree.

By skin: A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the skin on the forehead. A forehead temperature is usually lower than the oral temperature by half to one degree.+

Purchase a thermometer for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

What is a fever?

A fever is when body temperature rises to a level that’s higher than normal. In general, you have a fever if your temperature is:

In adults: higher than 99°F to 99.5°F (37.2°C to 37.5°C)

In children: higher than 99.5°F (37.5°C)

In infants: higher than 100.4°F (38°C)

Fevers are often short-term increases in body temperature that help your body fight infection or illness. However, a severe or sustained fever can indicate a more serious condition that warrants medical attention.

Contact a doctor if you have a fever above 100.4°F (38°C) that lasts for more than 3 days.
What affects my body temperature?

Factors that can affect your body temperature include:

Being in a hot or cold environment.

Exercise.

Eating hot or cold foods and beverages.

Strong emotions.

Medical conditions that can cause your body temperature to change include:

Blood clots

Stress.

Heat illness (e.g., heat stroke, heat exhaustion)

Infection.

Hypothyroidism.

Dehydration.

Sunburn.

Rheumatoid arthritis.

Hormonal changes.

As you age, your body isn’t able to regulate your body temperature as well as it should. That’s why you may note more frequent temperature changes if you’re 65 or older.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood against the walls of your arteries.

Blood pressure is written as two numbers.

Systolic pressure is the first number. It measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats and pushes blood out to your body.

Diastolic pressure is the second number. It measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

Healthy blood pressure for an adult, relaxed at rest, is less than 120/80 mm Hg.

Healthcare professionals generally use four categories to define blood pressure readings in adults:

Healthy: The systolic number is 120 or less, and the diastolic number is 80 or less.

Elevated: Readings that consistently range from 120 mmHg to 129 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic

Stage 1 hypertension: Readings that consistently range from 130 mmHg to 139 mmHg systolic or 80 mmHg to 89 mmHg diastolic

Stage 2 hypertension: The systolic number is 140 or higher, or the diastolic number is 90 or higher.

Hypertensive crisis: A reading that suddenly exceeds 180 mmHg systolic and/or 120 mmHg diastolic and remains high when measured a second time after five minutes: This stage of high blood pressure requires immediate medical attention.

How do I check my blood pressure at home?

You can check your blood pressure at home by using a manual or digital blood pressure monitor (sphygmomanometer).

Here is how you can take an accurate blood pressure reading at home:

Make sure you have not had a caffeinated drink, like coffee or tea, at least 1 hour before taking the measurement.

Do not smoke for at least 15 minutes before taking the measurement.

A full bladder can offset the pressure reading, so be sure to use the bathroom before the measurement.

Sit comfortably for at least 5 minutes before checking your pressure. It’s best not to engage in conversation while your pressure is being taken.

Make sure your back feels supported and that your legs are uncrossed with your feet firmly on the ground.

Your arm should be resting and supported at the same level as your heart.

It’s best to check the blood pressure in both arms to verify an accurate reading.

Purchase a blood pressure monitor for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

If you see that the systolic (top) number is 180 or higher or if the diastolic (bottom) number is 110 or higher, seek emergency medical treatment.
Some drug stores or pharmacies offer an electronic blood pressure reading. Be aware that these aren’t considered accurate measurements of your blood pressure.

What is a high blood pressure measurement?

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher. A systolic pressure of 130-139 or a diastolic pressure of 80-89 is considered high blood pressure stage 1.

Systolic pressure greater than 140 and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 is considered high blood pressure stage 2. Your healthcare provider will discuss with you various treatment options based on your individual health.

A systolic pressure greater than 180 and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 is considered a hypertensive crisis and you should consult your healthcare provider immediately.

Blood pressure that remains high for an extended time, for example, longer than a few years, can cause health issues, including:

Atherosclerosis (hardening of your arteries).

Heart failure.

Stroke.

What is a low blood pressure measurement?

Low blood pressure (hypotension) is a reading of 90/60 mm Hg or lower. This can be normal for some people and not a cause for concern. However, low blood pressure can cause symptoms of an underlying health condition. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have a low blood pressure reading and experience:

Dizziness.

Fainting.

Nausea.

Cold sweats.

Blurred vision.

What can affect my blood pressure?

Factors that can affect your blood pressure reading include, but aren’t limited to:

Caffeine or beverages containing alcohol.

Certain medications.

Weight loss or weight gain.

Cold temperatures.

Exercise.

A full bladder.

A full stomach.

The amount of salt in your diet.

Smoking.

Stress.

If you’re measuring your blood pressure, remember these factors when reading your results. If someone else is taking your blood pressure, tell them about any factors that may affect your measurement.

What is normal blood pressure for children?

Pediatric blood pressure, or a child’s blood pressure, varies based on their age.

Age	Systolic blood pressure (top number) mm Hg	Diastolic blood pressure (bottom number) mm Hg
0 to 3 months (newborn)	65 to 85.	45 to 55.
3 to 6 months	70 to 90.	50 to 65.
6 to 12 months	80 to 100.	55 to 65.
1 to 3 years	90 to 105.	55 to 70.
3 to 6 years	95 to 110.	60 to 75.
6 to 12 years	100 to 120.	60 to 75.
12 to 17 years	100 to 120.	70 to 80.

What is a pulse?

Your pulse is the number of times your heart beats per minute. A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult at rest ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). Pulse rates vary from person to person. Females tend to have faster pulse rates than males.

Your pulse is lower when you’re at rest and higher when you exercise. This happens because your body needs more oxygen-rich blood when you exercise.

Keep in mind the following:

Talk to a provider if your pulse rate is routinely less than 60 beats per minute or more than 100 beats per minute.

Each beat should be equally spaced out.

Beats shouldn’t be excessively strong. This could indicate that your heart is working hard.

Your heart shouldn’t skip a beat.

How do I check my pulse?

For most people, it’s easiest to measure your heart rate at the wrist. Here are the steps to take:

Using your first and second fingertips, press gently on the arteries that run beneath the skin of your wrist (just below your hand) until you feel a pulse.

Have a clock nearby and begin counting your pulse when the clock’s second hand is on the 12.

Count your pulse for 15 seconds, and then multiply that number by 4 to calculate the number of beats per minute.

It may be worthwhile to repeat the count to see whether you get the same number.

If you’re unsure about your results or keep getting different results, ask someone to count or watch the clock for you.

Purchase a blood pressure monitor for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

The pulse rate also can be measured at the neck, but it’s important to not press on the pulses on both sides of the lower neck; doing so could risk blocking blood flow to the brain.

What can affect my pulse?

Factors that can affect your pulse include:

Exercise.

Stress.

Strong emotions.

Caffeine.

Health conditions that can affect your pulse may include, but aren’t limited to, the following:

An infection.

Dehydration.

Stress.

Anxiety.

Thyroid conditions.

Anemia.

Shock.

Arrhythmia.

Some medications, especially beta-blockers and digoxin, can slow your pulse.

Health Implications of Abnormal Pulse

Besides counting when checking someone’s pulse, it’s important to pay attention to how strong or weak the pulse is and how steady, or regular, it is. The speed, strength, and rhythm of the pulse can reveal a lot about the health of the heart, as well as point to signs of diseases or conditions that may affect how the heart functions.

A slow pulse (bradycardia) can indicate:

A disorder of the sinus node (an area of cells in the upper-right chamber of the heart that controls its rhythm): When it causes symptoms, sinus bradycardia is the most common reason to need a pacemaker, but it’s rarely life-threatening.

Heart block, in which some or all of the electrical impulses generated by the sinus node are blocked before reaching the ventricles (the two lower chambers of the heart)

A rapid pulse (tachycardia) can indicate:

Any number of normal conditions in which the heart beats faster than usual, such as during exercise or stress

One of two types of cardiac arrhythmias (abnormalities in the rate or rhythm of the heart): supraventricular tachycardias, which arise in the atria of the heart, and ventricular tachycardias, which arise in the ventricles

What is a respiratory rate?

A respiratory rate is the number of breaths a person takes each minute. The rate is usually measured when a person is resting rather than under duress or in a stressful situation. However, in emergencies, healthcare teams often measure the respiratory rate to monitor what’s happening in the body at that moment.
Like other vital signs, a respiratory rate may increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions or circumstances.
A normal respiratory rate for a healthy adult typically ranges from 12 to 16 breaths per minute. To measure your respiratory rate, count the number of breaths or times you inhale for 15 seconds and multiply that number by 4.
How do I check my respiratory rate?

You can check your respiratory rate by:

Finding a quiet location to sit down and relax.

Use your watch and count how many breaths you take in 60 seconds.

Purchase a pulse oximeter for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

It can be difficult to count your own breaths, especially if you’re nervous or anxious. You can ask a friend or family member to help you check your respiratory rate. They’ll be able to see your chest rising and falling with each breath to get an accurate measurement.

What conditions affect my respiratory rate?

A respiration rate that’s slower than normal (bradypnea) or that’s fast and shallow (tachypnea) is an indication of potential health problems.

Health conditions that can affect your respiratory rate include, but aren’t limited to, the following:

Potential Causes of Abnormal Respiratory Rate
Bradypnea	Tachypnea
Narcotic use (for medical or recreational purposes)	Fever, infection
Alcohol use	Dehydration
Metabolic problems (hypothyroidism)	Lung disease (COPD, lung cancer, asthma)
Sleep apnea (only while asleep)	Panic/anger/stress
Certain brain conditions, such as stroke or head injury	Acidosis (increase in blood acidity)
Drug overdose	Drug overdose

What is oxygen saturation?

Oxygen saturation is the amount of oxygen in your blood. Because the body’s organs and tissues need oxygen to work, oxygen must travel through the bloodstream to help support the functions of the body.
For most healthy adults, a normal oxygen saturation level is between 95% and 100%. Anything below 95% means your body isn’t receiving enough oxygen and needs medical attention.
You can check your oxygen saturation rate at home with a device called a pulse oximeter. You can purchase a pulse oximeter at most stores that carry health-related items.
To use, simply insert your fingertip into the small device. You will feel a slight pressure, but it does not squeeze your fingertip or cause pain. Most devices will beep or stop flashing when the reading is complete.
If you have any questions, you can talk with a healthcare professional about how to use your pulse oximeter and understand the readings.
Some factors can affect accuracy, such as:

darker skin tones

nail polish

cold fingers

How do I check my Oxygen Saturation?

Pulse oximetry is a test used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood. It's an easy, painless measure of how well oxygen is being sent to parts of your body furthest from your heart, such as the arms and legs.

A clip-like device called a probe is placed on a body part, such as a finger or ear lobe. The probe uses light to measure how much oxygen is in the blood. This information helps the healthcare provider decide if a person needs extra oxygen.

Print a copy of the Vital Signs Log for your use

Purchase a pulse oximeter for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

What conditions affect my Oxygen Saturation?

The medical term for low blood oxygen is hypoxemia. It may happen due to:

Heart attack

Heart failure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Anemia

Lung cancer

Asthma

Pneumonia

insufficient oxygen in the air

an inability of the lungs to inhale and send oxygen to all cells and tissues

an inability of the bloodstream to circulate to the lungs, collect oxygen, and transport it around the body

Warning signs of a low oxygen level include trouble breathing, confusion, difficulty waking up, and bluish lips or face. If your oxygen saturation is less than 95%, you should talk to your healthcare provider. An oxygen saturation of 90% or less is considered a medical emergency requiring medical help right away.

Factors Affecting Vital Signs

Many things can change a person’s vital signs, making them different from one person to another. Doctors need to think about these factors when they look at vital signs. This helps them give the right care. Let’s look at some important factors that affect vital signs.

Age

As people get older, their vital signs change. Babies and young kids usually have faster heart rates and breathing. Older adults might have lower body temperatures and slightly higher blood pressure.

Gender

Men and women can have different vital signs. Women often have slightly faster heart rates and lower blood pressure than men. Doctors need to remember these differences when they check vital signs.

Activity Level

How active someone is can change their vital signs. When you’re active, your heart and breathing rate go up. But when you’re resting or sleeping, they go down. Doctors look at how active a patient has been to understand their vital signs better.

Health Conditions

Health problems can also change vital signs. Conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and breathing issues can affect them. Even infections like pneumonia can change vital signs. Doctors use a patient’s health history to understand their vital signs and care for them.

Doctors can better understand vital signs by knowing what affects them. They look at age, gender, activity level, and health conditions. This helps them give the best care to each patient.

Vital Signs Measurement Techniques

Getting vital signs right is key to knowing a patient’s health. Doctors use Manual Vital Sign Assessment and Automated Vital Sign Monitoring to get accurate readings. The method chosen depends on the patient’s health, the tools available, and where they are being treated.

Manual Measurement Methods

Manual methods use old-school tools to check vital signs. For temperature, doctors use thermometers, taking readings in different ways. Heart and breathing rates are counted manually for a few seconds.

Blood pressure is checked with a cuff and stethoscope. Doctors listen for Korotkoff sounds to find the right numbers.

Automated Monitoring Devices

Automated tools are getting more popular, mainly in hospitals. Devices like electronic cuffs and pulse oximeters give quick, accurate readings. They also link up with electronic health records for easy tracking.

Some systems even let doctors monitor patients from afar. The choice between manual and automated methods depends on several things.

Factor	Manual Methods	Automated Devices
Accuracy	Depends on provider skill	Generally more precise
Efficiency	Time-consuming	Faster, allows continuous monitoring
Cost	Lower upfront costs	Higher initial investment

Both manual and automated methods are vital in healthcare. Using the right technique helps doctors understand a patient’s health and make better decisions.

Abnormal Vital Signs and Their Implications

Abnormal vital signs can give important clues about a person’s health. They alert doctors to possible problems that need quick action. Changes in body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure can show many health issues.

Hypertension and Hypotension

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, means blood pressure is too high. It can cause heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage if not treated. On the other hand, hypotension, or low blood pressure, can make you dizzy, faint, and tired. It might mean you’re dehydrated, bleeding, or have sepsis.

Tachycardia and Bradycardia

Tachycardia is when your heart beats too fast, over 100 beats per minute for adults. It can be due to stress, anxiety, fever, dehydration, or heart issues. Bradycardia, a slow heart rate, is under 60 beats per minute. It might mean you have hypothyroidism, are on certain meds, or have heart block.

Fever and Hypothermia

Fever is when your body temperature goes over 100.4°F (38°C). It’s a sign of infection, inflammation, or illness. While it’s a natural response, high fever for too long is dangerous and needs medical help. Hypothermia is when your body loses heat too fast, dropping below 95°F (35°C). It’s serious and can be caused by cold, meds, or metabolic issues.

Tachypnea and Bradypnea

Tachypnea means you’re breathing too fast, over the normal rate for your age. It can be from anxiety, fever, lung diseases, or acidosis. Bradypnea is slow breathing, below the normal rate. It might mean your nervous system is depressed, you’ve overdosed on drugs, or have severe hypothyroidism.

It’s key to spot and fix abnormal vital signs to stay healthy and avoid problems. Keeping an eye on vital signs and talking to your doctor can catch issues early. This way, you can get the right treatment quickly.

Advanced Vital Sign Monitoring

Healthcare providers use advanced methods to get more detailed health information. These techniques help understand how well a patient breathes. Two key methods are pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring.

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry checks the oxygen in a person’s blood without needles. A small device is placed on the finger, toe, or earlobe. It shines light through the blood to see how much oxygen is there.

This method shows how much oxygen a patient has in real time. It helps doctors spot and fix oxygen problems fast.

End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring

End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) monitoring, or capnography, measures carbon dioxide in breath. A small sensor is placed near the mouth or nose. It checks the air at the end of each breath.

This technique shows if a patient is breathing well. It’s very useful in critical care and during anesthesia. It helps find breathing issues like not breathing enough or blocked airways.

Using pulse oximetry and EtCO2 monitoring gives doctors a better view of a patient’s health. These methods add to the four main vital signs. They help make better care plans for patients.

FAQ's

Q: What are vital signs?

A: Vital signs show how well someone is doing health-wise. They include body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. These signs help doctors understand a patient’s health and spot any problems early.
Q: Why is it important to monitor vital signs?

A: Keeping an eye on vital signs helps doctors check a patient’s health. It lets them see if anything is off and make the right treatment choices. This way, they can help patients get better faster.
Q: What is a normal body temperature range?

A: Adults usually have a body temperature between 97°F to 99°F. But, temperature can change based on age, gender, and activity. It’s not the same for everyone.
Q: How is blood pressure measured?

A: Blood pressure is checked with a device called a sphygmomanometer. It has a cuff that goes around your arm and a gauge. The cuff is inflated, then slowly let go while listening with a stethoscope. This gives you your blood pressure numbers.
Q: What is pulse oximetry?

A: Pulse oximetry checks how much oxygen is in your blood. It uses a small device on your finger, toe, or ear. The device shines light through your blood to see how much oxygen it has.
Q: What do abnormal vital signs indicate?

A: Abnormal vital signs can mean different things. For example, a high fever might mean you have an infection. High blood pressure could mean you have hypertension. Doctors look at all your signs and symptoms to figure out what’s going on.
Q: Can vital signs vary based on age and gender?

A: Yes, vital signs can change with age and gender. Babies and kids have faster heart rates and breathing. Older adults might have lower body temperatures and higher blood pressure. Doctors take these differences into account when checking your vital signs.

One Final Note..

Vital signs measure the body’s basic functions. These include your temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation.

At almost every healthcare appointment, a doctor, nurse, or another member of the healthcare team will take your vital signs and record them.

It’s important to establish and record baseline measurements. A doctor can use these measurements to notice changes that might indicate an illness or other health concern that needs investigating.

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Most recent revision May 19, 2025 08:34:32 PM